NES.TECH Documentation
  • πŸ‘‹Welcome to NES.TECH
  • Overview
    • πŸ’‘What we do
  • SDKs Guide
    • πŸ“ͺKickstart with our SDKs
    • ⛓️Blockchain SDKs
      • πŸ“ŒSolana SDK
        • ⛏️generateAccount
        • ⛏️getAccountFromSecretKey
        • ⛏️getBalance
        • ⛏️sendSOL
        • ⛏️mintNFT
        • ⛏️estimateTransferToken
        • ⛏️estimateMint
        • ⛏️estimateSOLTransfer
        • ⛏️estimateMintToken
        • ⛏️createToken
        • ⛏️transferToken
      • πŸ“ŒEVM Chains SDK
        • ⛏️BulkNFT
          • πŸ”—deployContract
          • πŸ”—bulkMint
        • ⛏️NFT
          • πŸ”—deployContract
          • πŸ”—mint
          • πŸ”—convertToVLRY
          • πŸ”—VLRYToUSD
          • πŸ”—VLRYToCRYPTO
          • πŸ”—transferOwnership
          • πŸ”—transfer
          • πŸ”—estimateFee
            • πŸ“ŒERC20
              • ⛏️deploy
              • ⛏️mint
              • ⛏️transfer
            • πŸ“ŒERC721
              • ⛏️deploy
              • ⛏️mint
              • ⛏️transfer
            • πŸ“ŒERC1155
              • ⛏️deploy
              • ⛏️mint
              • ⛏️transfer
            • πŸ“ŒSoulbound
              • ⛏️deploy
              • ⛏️mint
        • ⛏️Contracts
          • πŸ”—ERC20
            • πŸ“ŒdeployContract
            • πŸ“Œtransfer
            • πŸ“Œmint
          • πŸ”—ERC721
            • πŸ“ŒdeployContract
            • πŸ“Œtransfer
            • πŸ“Œmint
            • πŸ“Œapprove
          • πŸ”—ERC1155
            • πŸ“ŒdeployContract
            • πŸ“Œtransfer
            • πŸ“Œmint
            • πŸ“ŒbalanceOf
          • πŸ”—Soulbound
            • πŸ“ŒdeployContract
        • ⛏️Wallet
          • πŸ”—getBalance
          • πŸ”—sendEther
          • πŸ”—depositEther
          • πŸ”—checkIfAddress
        • ⛏️NFTMarketPlace
          • πŸ”—listNFT
          • πŸ”—buyNFT
          • πŸ”—getNFT
          • πŸ”—placeBid
          • πŸ”—transferNFT
        • ⛏️BlockchainInfo
          • πŸ”—availableBlockchains
          • πŸ”—availableContracts
      • πŸ“ŒTokenomics SDK
        • ⛏️createStake
        • ⛏️removeStake
        • ⛏️approveVolary
        • ⛏️transferVolary
        • ⛏️getBalance
        • ⛏️claimRewards
        • ⛏️addRewards
        • ⛏️swapVlry
        • ⛏️getSwapAmountVolary
      • πŸ“ŒStorage SDK
        • ⛏️uploadToIPFS
        • ⛏️fetchMetadata
      • πŸ“ŒCasper SDK
        • ⛏️generateWallet
        • ⛏️fetchWalletFromPrivateKey
        • ⛏️fetchAccountHash
        • ⛏️getBalance
        • ⛏️transferTokens
        • ⛏️deployNFTContract
        • ⛏️mintNFT
        • ⛏️mintFreeNFT
        • ⛏️checkNFT
        • ⛏️approveSale
        • ⛏️transferNFT
        • ⛏️getNftOwner
        • ⛏️bid
        • ⛏️startBidding
        • ⛏️closeBidding
        • ⛏️cancelAuction
        • ⛏️getUserData
        • ⛏️getNftInfo
        • ⛏️getContractDetails
        • ⛏️getWalletDetails
        • ⛏️checkPublicKey
        • ⛏️getAllAuctionNft
        • ⛏️transferWithRoyalty
        • ⛏️getPaymentAmounts
        • ⛏️transferPlaceBidAmount
      • πŸ“ŒXY-Finance SDK
        • ⛏️getRecommendedTokens
        • ⛏️getQuote
        • ⛏️approveSwap
        • ⛏️executeSwap
      • πŸ“ŒWallet SDK
        • ⛏️createWallet
        • ⛏️getKeys
          • πŸ”—btc
          • πŸ”—evm
          • πŸ”—sol
          • πŸ”—near
        • ⛏️transfer
          • πŸ”—evm
          • πŸ”—sol
          • πŸ”—btc
          • πŸ”—near
        • ⛏️estimateFee
          • πŸ”—evm
          • πŸ”—sol
        • ⛏️txStatus
          • πŸ”—evm
          • πŸ”—sol
          • πŸ”—near
        • ⛏️getBalanceByMnemonic
          • πŸ”—evm
          • πŸ”—sol
          • πŸ”—btc
          • πŸ”—near
        • ⛏️chainBalances
          • πŸ”—evm
          • πŸ”—sol
        • ⛏️testChainBalances
        • ⛏️getTotalBalanceInUSDByAddresArray
          • πŸ”—evm
          • πŸ”—sol
        • ⛏️isAddress
          • πŸ”—evm
          • πŸ”—sol
        • ⛏️isPrivateKey
          • πŸ”—evm
          • πŸ”—sol
        • ⛏️isMnemonic
          • πŸ”—evm
      • πŸ“ŒExplorer SDK
        • ⛏️getLatestTxsOfAddress
        • ⛏️getLatestTxs
        • ⛏️getTransferFromAddress
    • πŸ€–AI Guide
      • πŸ“ŒOverview
      • πŸ“ŒFace Recognition
        • ⛏️faceRecoRegisterUser
        • ⛏️faceRecoCompareFaceWithId
        • ⛏️faceRecoCompareFaceWithFace
      • πŸ“ŒCheck Toxicity
        • ⛏️checkToxicityImage
        • ⛏️checToxicityTest
      • πŸ“ŒCaption and Tag Generator
        • ⛏️generateCaptionAndTagsFromImage
      • πŸ“ŒStable Diffusion
        • ⛏️stableDiffusionGenerateImage
      • πŸ“ŒImage Similarity
        • ⛏️imageSimilarityTrain
        • ⛏️imageSimilarityTest
  • Template Library
    • πŸ› οΈGet Started
    • πŸ•΅οΈTechnical Overview
    • πŸ‘·Smart Contracts
      • πŸ“ŒERC721
      • πŸ“ŒERC721A
      • πŸ“ŒERC1155
      • πŸ“ŒSoulbound
      • πŸ“ŒERC6551
        • πŸ“ŒAccount
        • πŸ“ŒRegistry
      • πŸ“ŒFractional
      • πŸ“ŒBiDirectionalPaymentChannel
      • πŸ“ŒSwap
      • πŸ“ŒERC2981
      • πŸ“ŒFlashloans
      • πŸ“ŒVault
      • πŸ“ŒERC884
      • πŸ“ŒPlay To Earn Contract
      • πŸ“ŒEscrow
      • πŸ“ŒUpgradableNFTContract
    • βš–οΈTemplates Library
      • πŸ₯‡Music Tracks/Album
      • πŸ₯‡Loyalty Point System
      • πŸ₯‡Real Estate Ownership
      • πŸ₯‡Artwork Authentication
      • πŸ₯‡Crowdfunding Platform
      • πŸ₯‡Social Tokens
      • πŸ₯‡Food and Recipe
      • πŸ₯‡Scientific Research
      • πŸ₯‡Educational Certification
      • πŸ₯‡Trading Cards
      • πŸ₯‡Digital Fashion
      • πŸ₯‡Bulk Digital Fashion
      • πŸ₯‡Governance Token
      • πŸ₯‡Content Licenses
      • πŸ₯‡Membership Cards
      • πŸ₯‡Bulk Membership Cards
      • πŸ₯‡Artifacts
      • πŸ₯‡Debt Instruments
      • πŸ₯‡Bulk Debt Instruments
      • πŸ₯‡Profit Sharing
      • πŸ₯‡Digital Souvenirs
      • πŸ₯‡Fractional Ownership of Intellectual Property
      • πŸ₯‡Digital Autographs and Signature
      • πŸ₯‡Bulk Digital Autographs and Signature
      • πŸ₯‡Film and Media Rights
      • πŸ₯‡Bulk Film and Media Rights
      • πŸ₯‡Sports Achievements
      • πŸ₯‡Bulk Sports Achievements
      • πŸ₯‡Digital Comics and Graphic Novels
      • πŸ₯‡Bulk Digital Comics and Graphic Novels
      • πŸ₯‡Proposals and Voting
      • πŸ₯‡Music Royalties
      • πŸ₯‡Gaming Royalties
      • πŸ₯‡Art Token Aggregation
      • πŸ₯‡Medical Token Aggregation
      • πŸ₯‡Charity Token Aggregation
      • πŸ₯‡Travel Token Aggregation
      • πŸ₯‡Time-Limited Access Tokens
      • πŸ₯‡Virtual Art Exhibition
  • KRYPTOKASE
    • πŸ› οΈKryptoKase: Overview
    • πŸ•΅οΈTechnical Overview
    • πŸ‘·Functionalities
      • πŸ“ŒCreate Token
      • πŸ“ŒMint Token
      • πŸ“ŒTransfer Tokens
      • πŸ“ŒAirdrop Token
      • πŸ“ŒSchedule Vesting
      • πŸ“ŒToken Analytics
  • AERIE
    • πŸ†Introduction
      • πŸ“ŒOverview
      • πŸ“ŒUse Cases
    • πŸ“–User Guide
      • πŸ“ŒDashboard
      • πŸ“ŒManaging Assets
        • πŸ”—Creating Assets
      • πŸ“ŒWallet Management
        • πŸ”—Overview
      • πŸ“ŒClient Management
        • πŸ”—Adding Client
        • πŸ”—Managing Members
      • πŸ“ŒInvoice Management
        • πŸ”—Managing Tickets
    • πŸ“ŒFeatures
      • πŸ”—AI Image Generation
      • πŸ”—Portfolio Management
      • πŸ”—CDN Analytics
  • ROMULUS
    • Contracts
      • Dynamic NFT
      • Rental NFT
      • ERC 998
      • Fractional NFT
  • Layer 1
    • πŸ—‘οΈDAG-EVM Hybrid Layer 1
    • ⛓️Setting up an RPC/RO Node
    • πŸ‘ΎNode Functions
      • πŸ“ftm.call()
      • πŸ“ftm.chainId()
      • πŸ“ftm.contract()
      • πŸ“ftm.currentEpoch()
      • πŸ“ftm.estimateGas()
      • πŸ“ftm.feeHistory()
      • πŸ“ftm.fillTransaction()
      • πŸ“ftm.filter()
      • πŸ“ftm.getAccounts()
      • πŸ“ftm.getBalance()
      • πŸ“ftm.getBlock()
      • πŸ“ftm.getBlockByHash()
      • πŸ“ftm.getBlockByNumber()
      • πŸ“ftm.getBlockNumber()
      • πŸ“ftm.getBlockTransactionCount()
      • πŸ“ftm.getBlockUncleCount()
      • πŸ“ftm.getCode()
      • πŸ“ftm.getCoinbase()
      • πŸ“ftm.getCompilers()
      • πŸ“ftm.getEvent()
      • πŸ“ftm.getGasPrice()
      • πŸ“ftm.getHashrate()
      • πŸ“ftm.getHeaderByHash()
      • πŸ“ftm.getHeaderByNumber()
      • πŸ“ftm.getHeads()
      • πŸ“ftm.getMaxPriorityFeePerGas()
      • πŸ“ftm.getPendingTransactions()
      • πŸ“ftm.getProof()
      • πŸ“ftm.getProtocolVersion()
      • πŸ“ftm.getStorageAt()
      • πŸ“ftm.getTransaction()
      • πŸ“ftm.getTransactionCount()
      • πŸ“ftm.getTransactionReceipt()
      • πŸ“ftm.icapNamereg()
      • πŸ“ftm.isSyncing()
      • πŸ“ftm.namereg()
      • πŸ“ftm.sendRawTransaction()
      • πŸ“ftm.signTransaction()
    • 🎫Admin Node Functions
      • πŸ“admin.addPeer()
      • πŸ“admin.addTrustedPeer()
      • πŸ“admin.exportChain()
      • πŸ“admin.getNodeInfo()
      • πŸ“admin.getPeers()
      • πŸ“admin.importChain()
      • πŸ“admin.removePeer()
      • πŸ“admin.removeTrustedPeer()
      • πŸ“admin.startHTTP()
      • πŸ“admin.startWS()
      • πŸ“admin.stopHTTP()
      • πŸ“admin.stopWS()
    • πŸ“„Oracle Contracts
      • πŸ“ŒTraffic Feed Contract
      • πŸ“ŒAir Quality Feed Contract
      • πŸ“ŒFootball Player Feed Contract
      • πŸ“ŒStock Price Feed Contract
      • πŸ“ŒWeather Feed Contract
      • πŸ“ŒCrypto Price Feed Contract
      • πŸ“ŒRandom Number Contract
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On this page
  • Consensus Mechanism
  • TPS vs TTF
  • Node Specifications
  • Bridges
  • Click-to-Create / Helper Nodes
  • Decentralized, Splintered, Encrypted Data Storage Mechanism
  • Smart Contracts
  1. Layer 1

DAG-EVM Hybrid Layer 1

Last updated 3 months ago

Consensus Mechanism

What is a Proof of Stake (PoS) Network? (EVM Portion)

A Proof of Stake (PoS) network is a consensus mechanism used by various blockchains to achieve secure distributed consensus. In a PoS network, validators stake their cryptocurrency as collateral, which can be forfeited if they act dishonestly. Validators are responsible for verifying new blocks proposed by users across the network.

Under this model, validators who stake their tokens earn transaction fees as rewards. The selection process for validating a block is random, but validators with a higher stake have increased odds of being chosen. To execute a 51% attack on a PoS network, an attacker would need to control 51% of the staked tokens, making such attacks economically unfeasible.

What is a DAG?

A Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is a distributed ledger technology similar to blockchain but with a different execution model. Unlike blockchains, which follow a linear chain structure, a DAG consists of interconnected individual transactions. If a blockchain is analogous to a linked list, a DAG can be likened to a tree, branching out from one transaction to another.

In a DAG, transactions validate each other, meaning there is little or no need to pay fees. Since users (both miners and validators) are part of the network but cannot validate their own transactions, DAG-based networks are well suited for handling high transaction volumes with reduced energy consumption, eliminating the need for traditional miners.

What is a Hybrid DAG/PoS Network?

What purpose does the PoS network serve?

  • The PoS network handles specific functions such as executing transactions (contracts, imports) that are DAG-fueled.

  • Initial transactions occur on the DAG, while the PoS network records them using Proof of Authority (PoA).

  • The DAG ensures fast transaction propagation via its gossip protocol, while the EVM chain connects to other blockchains and records transactions linearly.

What purpose does the DAG network serve?

  • Each node maintains a local DAG composed of event blocks, which contain transactions.

  • The DAG captures the "happens-before" relationship between transactions and determines the final order of events independently on each node.

TPS vs TTF

Transactions Per Second (TPS)

TPS measures the number of transactions processed per second within an information system. In blockchain protocols, TPS is calculated as:

TPS = Number of transactions per block Γ· Block time in seconds

Time to Finality (TTF)

Time to finality (TTF) is a more accurate measure of transaction speed, as it tracks the time from submission to irreversible confirmation. TTF is analogous to latency in networking, representing the round-trip transmission time for information.

Node Specifications

  • Transactions per block: ~45 transactions per block

  • Block time: Less than a minute

  • Transactions per second (TPS): 45 TPS

  • Time to finality (TTF): Dependent on the number of active validator nodes

  • Programming language: Solidity

Bridges

Operational Bridges

  • Volary ↔ Avalanche

  • Volary ↔ Binance

  • Volary ↔ Ethereum

  • Volary ↔ Klaytn

  • Volary ↔ Polygon

  • Volary ↔ Solana

Difference Between Standard Bridges and NEST Bridges

Standard blockchain bridges transfer assets by locking them into an escrow contract on the original network and recreating them on another network. This means that multiple instances of an asset can exist across different chains, creating centralized points of attack where hackers can exploit and steal assets.

NEST bridges operate differently: instead of locking assets, they are sent to a null contract, making them unrecoverable. This ensures that the asset is truly recreated on the new network, while the old instance ceases to exist, eliminating attack vectors associated with escrow-based bridges.

Click-to-Create / Helper Nodes

What are Click-to-Create Nodes?

Click-to-create nodes are nodes within the Volary network that do not participate in validation but support the security protocol and contribute to data storage.

Why Host a Click-to-Create Node on a Mobile or Desktop?

Users who operate click-to-create (helper) nodes receive financial incentives for contributing to network security and data storage. Rewards are distributed based on uptime and activity levels. The longer a node remains active, the higher its trust level, resulting in increased rewards.

Payments for hosting these nodes come from:

  • Data storage revenue

  • Transaction fees collected on the network

Interaction Between Click-to-Create Nodes and the Primary Network

Click-to-create nodes are read-only nodes that synchronize with the network while running on a user’s local machine.

How Do Click-to-Create Nodes Improve Security?

  • The presence of more nodes increases the number of validators, improving decentralization and security.

  • These nodes monitor network activity to ensure compliance with protocol rules, preserving blockchain integrity.

Decentralized, Splintered, Encrypted Data Storage Mechanism

Each piece of data stored on the Volary network undergoes:

  • Encryption

  • Splintering into 10 pieces

  • Re-encryption and distribution across the network with a redundancy factor of 3

Storage Distribution

  • Each file shard is stored in three locations.

  • A total of 30 encrypted data fragments exist per file at any time.

  • Validator nodes store one piece of each file, while helper nodes store two.

  • If a validator node is compromised, helper nodes serve as a failsafe backup.

Smart Contracts

Supported Smart Contracts

  1. Bridges - Facilitates interoperability between blockchain networks.

  2. Swaps - Enables asset exchanges between separate blockchains.

  3. Token Minting - Generates new coins through PoS-based validation.

  4. RWSC (Real World Smart Contracts) - Smart contracts designed for real-world applications.

  5. SSDID (Self-Sovereign Distributed/Decentralized Identity Contracts) - Manages digital identities securely.

  6. Oracles - Fetches off-chain data and integrates it into on-chain smart contracts.

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